Major General Oliver O. Howard in the Civil War

Major General Oliver O. Howard in the Civil War Oliver O. Howard - Early Life Career: The son of Rowland and Eliza Howard, Oliver Otis Howard was born at Leeds, ME on November 3, 1830. Losing his father at age nine, Howard received a strong education at series of academies in Maine before electing to attend Bowdoin College. Graduating in 1850, he decided to pursue a military career and sought an appointment to the US Military Academy. Entering West Point that year, he proved a superior student and graduated fourth in a class of forty-six in 1854. Among his classmates were J.E.B. Stuart and Dorsey Pender. Commissioned as a second lieutenant, Howard moved through a series of ordnance assignments including time at Watervliet and Kennebec Arsenals. Marrying Elizabeth Waite in 1855, he received orders to take part in a campaign against the Seminoles in Florida two years later. Oliver O. Howard – The Civil War Begins: Though a religious man, while in Florida Howard experienced a deep conversion to evangelical Christianity. Promoted to first lieutenant that July, he returned to West Point as a mathematics instructor that fall. While there, he frequently considered leaving the service to enter the ministry. This decision continued to weigh on him, however as sectional tensions built and the Civil War neared, he resolved to defend the Union. With the attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861, Howard prepared to go to war. The following month, he took command of the 3rd Maine Infantry Regiment with the rank of colonel of volunteers. As the spring progressed, he rose to command the Third Brigade in Colonel Samuel P. Heintzelman’s Third Division in the Army of Northeastern Virginia. Taking part in the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, Howard’s brigade occupied Chinn Ridge but was driven off in confusion after being attacked by Confederate troops led by Colonels Jubal A. Early and Arnold Elzey . Oliver O. Howard – An Arm Lost: Promoted to brigadier general on September 3, Howard and his men joined Major General George B. McClellan’s newly-formed Army of the Potomac. Recognized for his devout religious beliefs, he soon earned the sobriquet â€Å"the Christian General† though this title was often used with a degree of sarcasm by his comrades. In the spring of 1862, his brigade moved south for the Peninsula Campaign. Serving in Brigadier General John Sedgwick’s division of Brigadier General Edwin Sumner’s II Corps, Howard joined McClellan’s slow advance towards Richmond. On June 1, he returned to combat when his men met the Confederates at the Battle of Seven Pines. As the fighting raged, Howard was hit twice in the right arm. Taken from the field, the injuries proved serious enough that the arm was amputated. Oliver O. Howard - A Rapid Rise: Recovering from his wounds, Howard missed the remainder of the fighting on the Peninsula as well as the defeat at Second Manassas. Returning to his brigade, he led it during the fighting at Antietam on September 17. Serving under Sedgwick, Howard took command of the division after his superior was badly wounded during an attack near the West Woods. In the fighting, the division sustained heavy losses as Sumner had ordered it into action without conducting proper reconnaissance. Promoted to major general in November, Howard retained command of the division. With Major General Ambrose Burnside’s ascent to command, the Army of the Potomac moved south to Fredericksburg. On December 13, Howard’s division took part in the Battle of Fredericksburg. A bloody disaster, the fighting saw the division make a failed assault on the Confederate defenses atop Marye’s Heights. Oliver O. Howard - XI Corps: In April 1863, Howard received an appointment to replace Major General Franz Sigel as commander of XI Corps. Largely comprised of German immigrants, the men of XI Corps immediately began lobbying for Sigel’s return as he too was an immigrant and had been a popular revolutionary in Germany. Imposing a high level of military and moral discipline, Howard quickly earned his new command’s resentment. In early May, Major General Joseph Hooker, who had replaced Burnside, attempted to swing around to the west of Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s position at Fredericksburg. In the resulting Battle of Chancellorsville, Howard’s corps occupied the right flank of the Union line. Though advised that his right flank was in the air by Hooker, he took no action to anchor it on a natural obstacle or construct substantial defenses. On the evening of May 2, Major General Thomas â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson mounted a devastating flank attack which routed XI Corps and des tabilized the Union position. Though shattered, XI Corps mounted a fighting retreat that saw it lose around a quarter of its strength and Howard was conspicuous in his attempts to rally his men. Effectively spent as a fighting force, XI Corps did not play a meaningful role in the rest of the battle. Recovering from Chancellorsville, the corps marched north the following month in pursuit of Lee who intended to invade Pennsylvania. On July 1, XI Corps moved to the aid of Brigadier General John Buford’s Union cavalry and Major General John Reynolds I Corps which had become engaged in the opening phases of the Battle of Gettysburg. Approaching on the Baltimore Pike and Taneytown Road, Howard detached a division to guard the key heights of Cemetery Hill to the south of Gettysburg before deploying the rest of his men on I Corps’ right north of town. Attacked by Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell’s Second Corps, Howard’s men were overwhelmed and forced to fall back after one of his division commanders, Brigadier General Francis C. Barlow, blundered by moving his men out of position. As the Union line collapsed, XI Corps retreated back through town and assumed a defensive position on Cemetery Hill. As Reynolds had been killed early in the fighting, Howard served as the senior Union leader on the field until Major General Winfield S. Hancock arrived with orders from army commander Major General George G. Meade to take over. Despite Hancock’s written orders, Howard resisted ceding control of the battle. Remaining on the defensive for the remainder of the battle, XI Corps turned back Confederate attacks the next day. Though criticized for his corps’ performance, Howard later received the thanks of Congress for selected the ground on which the battle would be fought. Oliver O. Howard – Going West: On September 23, XI Corps and Major General Henry Slocum’s XII Corps were detached from the Army of the Potomac and set west to aid Major General Ulysses S. Grant’s efforts to relieve Major General William S. Rosecrans’ besieged Army of the Cumberland at Chattanooga. Collectively led by Hooker, the two corps aided Grant in opening a supply line to Rosecrans’ men. In late November, XI Corps took part in the fighting around the city which culminated with General Braxton Bragg’s Army of Tennessee being driven from Missionary Ridge and forced to retreat south. The following spring, Grant departed to take overall command of the Union war effort and leadership in the west passed to Major General William T. Sherman. Organizing his forces for a campaign against Atlanta, Sherman directed Howard to take over IV Corps in Major General George H. Thomas’ Army of the Cumberland. Moving south in May, Howard and his corps saw action at Picketts Mill on the 27th and Kennesaw Mountain a month later. As Shermans armies neared Atlanta, part of IV Corps took part in the Battle of Peachtree Creek on July 20. Two days later, Major General James B. McPherson, commander of the Army of the Tennessee, was killed at the Battle of Atlanta. With the loss of McPherson, Sherman directed Howard to take over the Army of the Tennessee. On July 28, he led his new command into battle at Ezra Church. In the fighting, his men turned back attacks by Lieutenant General John Bell Hood. In late August, Howard led the Army of the Tennessee at the Battle of Jonesboro which resulted in Hood being forced to abandon Atlanta. Reorganizing his forces that fall, Sherman retained Howard in his position and had the Army of the Tennessee serve as the right wing of his March to the Sea. Oliver O. Howard - Final Campaigns: Departing in mid-November, Shermans advance saw Howards men and Slocums Army of Georgia drive through the heart of Georgia, living off the land, and sweeping aside light enemy resistance. Reaching Savannah, Union forces captured the city on December 21. In the spring of 1865, Sherman pushed north into South Carolina with Slocum and Howards commands. After capturing Columbia, SC on February 17, the advance continued and Howard entered North Carolina in early March. On March 19, Slocum was attacked by General Joseph E. Johnston at the Battle of Bentonville. Turning, Howard brought his men to Slocums aid and the combined armies compelled Johnston to retreat. Pressing on, Howard and his men were present the following month when Sherman accepted Johnstons surrender at Bennett Place. Oliver O. Howard - Later Career: An ardent abolitionist before the war, Howard was appointed head of the Freedmens Bureau in May 1865. Charged with integrating freed slaves into society, he implemented a wide array of social programs including education, medical care, and food distribution. Backed by the Radical Republicans in Congress, he often clashed with President Andrew Johnson. During this time, he aided in the formation of Howard University in Washington, DC. In 1874, he assumed command of the Department of the Columbia with his headquarters in the Washington Territory. While out west, Howard took part in the Indian Wars and in 1877 mounted a campaign against the Nez Perce which resulted in the capture of Chief Joseph. Returning east in 1881, he briefly served as superintendent at West Point before taking command of the Department of the Platte in 1882. Belatedly presented with the Medal of Honor in 1893 for his actions at Seven Pines, Howard retired in 1894 after serving as commander of the Department of the East. Moving to Burlington, VT, he died on October 26, 1909 and was buried at Lake View Cemetery. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Oliver O. HowardNNDB: Oliver O. Howard Civil War: Oliver O. Howard

The Hottest Reading List for Summer 2015

The Hottest Reading List for Summer 2015 Family reunions, road trips, and barbecues. Whatever your favorite part of summer vacation, it’s exhilarating just to have so much time and freedom on your hands. And, as the days get longer and the nights get warmer, there is nothing more relaxing than finding that perfect summer book to inspire and excite you. Here are some of the most exciting books of this season. Whether you’re a horror aficionado or a historical romantic, you’re sure to fall in love with at least one of these incredible summer reads. Go Set a Watchman by Harper Lee Genre: Literary Fiction The incredibly talented and reclusive Harper Lee’s buzz-worthy sequel has had every English teacher giddy for the summer to arrive. In this sequel to the 1960 To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee picks up the story 20 years after the famous racial trial of Tom Robinson. The book focuses on the political upheaval during the 60s and 70s and Scout’s relationship with her father, Atticus Finch. Maximum Ride Forever by James Patterson Genre: YA SciFi/Fantasy The world’s number one bestseller releases the last installation of the Maximum Ride series. The heroine, Maximum â€Å"Max† Ride is a teen who has escaped a classified lab facility known as â€Å"The School.† She and her friends have been developed as human-avian hybrids and use their newly-found wings to save the world. An engrossing series that may leave you wanting to finish all nine books in one sitting. The Rosie Project by Graeme Simsion Genre: Romantic Comedy When left-brained geneticist Don Tillman is told that he would make a good husband, he logically concludes that there is a statistical probability he should get married. Thus, the Wife Project is born. Despite his best efforts to find the perfect, logical mate, he ends up with Rosie Jarman. Flighty, fun, and out-of-control, Rosie is trying to find her biological father with Tillman’s help – and they both fall in love in the process. Full of heart and humor. Finders Keepers by Stephen King Genre: Suspense/Horror King has recently been stepping back into the world of sequel after his long departure following the finale of the Gunslinger mega-series. Now, he brings readers back into the strange, obsessive world of Det. Ret. Bill Hodges who took down the Mercedes Killer in Mr. Mercedes. This time he and his band of misfit detectives are tasked with solving the case of a murdered writer after his killer is released 35 years later. Modern Romance by Aziz Ansari Genre: Humor Rising King of Comedy Ansari uses his unique voice and unparalleled wit to highlight how romance is changing in the digitally-charged 21st Century. With the help of New York University sociologist Eric Klinenberg, he conducted a worldwide research project that is both hilarious and poignant. Not only is this a funny book for those who are looking for love, it is a sociological phenom, with insights from today’s top social scientists. Paper Towns by John Green Genre: YA Fiction As young children Margo and Quentin discover the dead body of man who commits suicide in a local park. Flash forward a decade later and both teens are dealing with issues, although they have drifted apart as friends. That is, until one night when Margo comes to Quentin’s bedroom and asks him to help her complete a revenge plan against people who have slighted her over her high school career. A compelling and provocative read that will keep you turning pages. Woman with a Secret by Sophie Hannah Genre: Thriller/Suspense From the bestselling author of The Monogram Murders, this novel follows the strange tale of Nicki Clements. As a terrible murder is discovered on her street, Nicki’s strange behavior tips the cops off that something is wrong. Although she is not a murderer, she has a dark history that reveals over the course of the novel, making the reader question what is means to be innocent. A gripping and compelling read. Eileen by Ottessa Moshfegh Genre: Thriller/Suspense Eileen Dunlop is working in a boys’ prison outside of Boston in the 1960s. This story, full of dark, stunning prose, tells the story of how Dunlop becomes involved in a strange crime. She herself is no angel, though. Haunted by her own issues with shoplifting, perverse sexual fantasy, and stalking a prison guard, she befriends the sunny Rebecca St. John. This friendship ultimately leads to a crime that surpasses even her own dark imagination. The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out of the Window and Disappeared by Jonas Jonasson Genre: Humor On Allan Karlsson’s 100-year birthday, he climbs out of the window and heads for an unknown adventure. On this last great escape, the reader learns all about Karlsson’s past – helping American presidents, thwarting Russian spies, and acting as the integral motivator for some of history’s most watershed moments. The unique and hilarious voice of the protagonist will keep you engrossed and the history will feed your brain. Do you have one more book to complete our list? Your suggestions are always welcome!